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Educational Testing Service

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</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">Educational Testing Service</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><div class="infobox-caption">ETS logo used since 2024</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="501(c)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)">501(c)(3)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label">660 Rosedale Road, <a href="Princeton%2C_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, <a href="New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Robert_S._Murley" title="Robert S. Murley">Robert S. Murley</a> (Chairman)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li><li>Amit Sevak (president and CEO)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="TOEFL" class="mw-redirect" title="TOEFL">TOEFL</a> and <a href="TOEIC" title="TOEIC">TOEIC</a> tests, <a href="Graduate_Record_Examinations" title="Graduate Record Examinations">GRE</a> General and Subject Tests, CET1 Exam by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.certtia.com">Certtia</a> tests and <a href="Praxis_test" title="Praxis test">Praxis Series</a> assessments</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category">Testing, assessments and research for educational use</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Edusoft Ltd.</li><li>ETS Canada</li><li>ETS Global B.V.</li><li><a href="Kira_Talent" title="Kira Talent">Kira Talent</a></li><li>Vericant</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ets.org/">www.ets.org</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

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</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist" style="width:22.0em; border: 4px double #d69d36;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#002868; border: 1px double #8C959A;"><a href="Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;">

Summary</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li>By state and in insular areas</li>

<li>By subject area</li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;">

<a href="History_of_education_in_the_United_States" title="History of education in the United States">History</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_education_in_California" title="History of education in California">California</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_education_in_Chicago" title="History of education in Chicago">Chicago</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_education_in_Kentucky" title="History of education in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_education_in_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_education_in_Dedham%2C_Massachusetts" title="History of education in Dedham, Massachusetts">Dedham</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="History_of_education_in_Missouri" title="History of education in Missouri">Missouri</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_education_in_the_Southern_United_States" title="History of education in the Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_education_in_Texas" title="History of education in Texas">Texas</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;">

Curriculum topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">Literacy</a></li>

<li><a href="Normal_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Normal schools in the United States">Normal schools</a></li>

<li><a href="Apprenticeship_degree" title="Apprenticeship degree">Apprenticeship degrees</a></li>

<li><a href="Art_education_in_the_United_States" title="Art education in the United States">Art education</a></li>

<li><a href="Civic_education_in_the_United_States" title="Civic education in the United States">Civic education</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_education_and_programs_within_the_United_States" title="Music education and programs within the United States">Music education</a></li>

<li><a href="Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Legal education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Medical_education_in_the_United_States" title="Medical education in the United States">Medical education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">Medical school</a></li>

<li><a href="Nursing_degrees_in_the_United_States" title="Nursing degrees in the United States">Nursing degrees</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Environmental_education_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental education in the United States">Environmental education</a></li>

<li><a href="Language_education_in_the_United_States" title="Language education in the United States">Language education</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematics_education_in_the_United_States" title="Mathematics education in the United States">Mathematics education</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex education in the United States">Sex education</a></li>

<li><a href="Vocational_education_in_the_United_States" title="Vocational education in the United States">Vocational education</a></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;">

<a href="Education_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Education policy of the United States">Education policy issues</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Educational_accreditation" title="Educational accreditation">Accreditation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Pre-tertiary-education_accreditation" title="Pre-tertiary-education accreditation">Primary and secondary</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher_education_accreditation_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education accreditation in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Financing</li>

<li><a href="Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li>

<li><a href="Issues_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Issues in higher education in the United States">Post-secondary issues</a>

<ul><li><a href="Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Bubble</a></li>

<li><a href="Cost_and_financing_issues_facing_higher_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost and financing issues facing higher education in the United States">Cost and financing</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_inflation" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational inflation">Credentialism</a></li>

<li><a href="Elite_overproduction" title="Elite overproduction">Elite overproduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Graduate_unemployment#United_States" title="Graduate unemployment">Graduate unemployment</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_financial_aid_in_the_United_States" title="Student financial aid in the United States">Student financial aid</a></li>

<li><a href="Student_loans_in_the_United_States" title="Student loans in the United States">Student loans</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_school_funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school funding">Public school funding</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_reform#Contemporary_issues_(United_States)" title="Education reform">Reform</a>

<ul><li><a href="Charter_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Charter schools in the United States">Charter schools</a></li>

<li><a href="Educational_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Educational inequality in the United States">Inequality</a></li>

<li><a href="Achievement_gaps_in_the_United_States" title="Achievement gaps in the United States">Achievement gaps</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Desegregation_busing" title="Desegregation busing">Desegregation busing</a></li>

<li><a href="Sex_differences_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sex differences in education in the United States">Gender achievement gap</a></li>

<li><a href="Head_Start_(program)" title="Head Start (program)">Head Start</a></li>

<li><a href="School_choice" title="School choice">School choice</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_diversity_in_United_States_schools" title="Racial diversity in United States schools">Racial diversity</a></li>

<li><a href="School_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="School segregation in the United States">School segregation</a></li>

<li><a href="Standards-based_education_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Standards-based education reform in the United States">Standards-based reform</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="School_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="School corporal punishment in the United States">School corporal punishment</a></li>

<li><a href="School_meal_programs_in_the_United_States" title="School meal programs in the United States">School meals</a></li>

<li><a href="School_violence_in_the_United_States" title="School violence in the United States">School violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Sexual_harassment_in_education_in_the_United_States" title="Sexual harassment in education in the United States">Sexual harassment</a></li>

<li><a href="Qatari_involvement_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari involvement in higher education in the United States">Qatari involvement</a></li>

<li><a href="Special_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special education in the United States">Special education</a></li>

<li><a href="Apprenticeship_in_the_United_States" title="Apprenticeship in the United States">Apprenticeship</a>

<ul><li><a href="School-to-work_transition" title="School-to-work transition">School-to-work transition</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Community_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="Community colleges in the United States">Community colleges</a></li>

<li><a href="For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">For-profit higher education</a>

<ul><li><a href="For-profit_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit colleges in the United States">For-profit colleges</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_research_universities_in_the_United_States" title="List of research universities in the United States">Research universities</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_school_(United_States)" title="Community school (United States)">Community school</a>

<ul><li><a href="Full-service_community_schools_in_the_United_States" title="Full-service community schools in the United States">Full-service community schools</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td>

</tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bf0a30; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #8C959A;">

Levels of education</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<ul><li><a href="Early_childhood_education_in_the_United_States" title="Early childhood education in the United States">Early childhood</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Primary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Primary education in the United States">Primary</a></li>

<li><a href="Secondary_education_in_the_United_States" title="Secondary education in the United States">Secondary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education in the United States">Post-secondary</a></li></ul>

</div>

<ul><li>Organizations</li></ul></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;">

<a href="Portal%3AEducation" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Education">Education portal</a> <a href="Portal%3AUnited_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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Educational Testing Service (ETS), founded in 1947, is the world's largest private educational testing and assessment organization.<a href="#cite_note-fundinguniverse1-3">[3]</a> It is headquartered in <a href="Lawrence_Township%2C_Mercer_County%2C_New_Jersey" title="Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey">Lawrence Township</a>, <a href="New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, but has a <a href="Princeton%2C_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a> address.

ETS develops various <a href="Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">standardized tests</a> primarily in the United States for <a href="K%E2%80%9312_education" class="mw-redirect" title="K–12 education">K–12</a> and <a href="Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>, and it also administers international tests including the <a href="TOEFL" class="mw-redirect" title="TOEFL">TOEFL</a> (Test of English as a Foreign Language), <a href="TOEIC" title="TOEIC">TOEIC</a> (Test of English for International Communication), <a href="Graduate_Record_Examination" class="mw-redirect" title="Graduate Record Examination">Graduate Record Examination</a> (GRE) General and Subject Tests, and The <a href="Praxis_test" title="Praxis test">Praxis test</a> Series—in more than 180 countries, and at over 9,000 locations worldwide. Many of the assessments it develops are associated with entry to US <a href="Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary</a> (undergraduate) and <a href="Quaternary_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary education">quaternary education</a> (graduate) institutions, but it also develops K–12 statewide assessments used for accountability testing in many states, including California, Texas, Tennessee, and Virginia. In total, ETS annually administers 50 million exams in the U.S. and in 180 other countries.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

ETS is a U.S.-registered <a href="501(c)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)">501(c)(3)</a> <a href="Non-profit_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organization">non-profit organization</a> created in 1947 by three other nonprofit educational institutions: the <a href="American_Council_on_Education" title="American Council on Education">American Council on Education</a> (ACE), <a href="The_Carnegie_Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Teaching" class="mw-redirect" title="The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching">The Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching</a>, and <a href="College_Board" title="College Board">The College Entrance Examination Board</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fundinguniverse1-3">[3]</a> ETS was formed in 1947 to take over the testing activities of its founders (whose organizations were not well suited to running operational assessment programs), and to pursue research intended to advance educational measurement and education.<a href="#cite_note-Fuess-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-ETS_Origins-6">[6]</a> Among other things, ACE gave to the new organization the Cooperative Test Service and the National Teachers Examination; Carnegie gave the GRE; and the College Board turned over to ETS the operation (but not ownership) of the <a href="SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a> for graduating high school students.

In 2024 the company established massive layoffs. In June, the company "offered voluntary buyouts to every U.S. employee with more than two years of service." It was the fifth round of layoffs in five years. <a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_contributions">Scientific contributions</h2></div>

In keeping with the purposes for which it was established, ETS developed a program of research that covered not only <a href="Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">measurement</a> and <a href="Education" title="Education">education</a> but also such related areas as <a href="Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a>, <a href="Educational_evaluation" title="Educational evaluation">educational evaluation</a>, and psychology, particularly <a href="Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive</a>, <a href="Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">developmental</a>, <a href="Personality_psychology" title="Personality psychology">personality</a>, and <a href="Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">social psychology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Advancing-8">[8]</a> This broad-based research program attracted many individuals who distinguished themselves in their fields, often while at ETS but also in subsequent professorial positions. Among the more influential scientists have been <a href="Harold_Gulliksen" title="Harold Gulliksen">Harold Gulliksen</a> (whose book, Theory of Mental Tests, helped codify <a href="Classical_test_theory" title="Classical test theory">classical test theory</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Gulliksen_memorial-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gulliksen_book-10">[10]</a> <a href="Frederic_M._Lord" title="Frederic M. Lord">Frederic Lord</a> (<a href="Item_response_theory" title="Item response theory">item response theory</a>); <a href="Samuel_Messick" title="Samuel Messick">Samuel Messick</a><a href="#cite_note-Messick_memorial-11">[11]</a> (<a href="Test_validity" title="Test validity">modern validity theory</a>); <a href="Robert_L._Linn" title="Robert L. Linn">Robert Linn</a> (known for testing and educational policy); <a href="Norman_O._Frederiksen" title="Norman O. Frederiksen">Norman Frederiksen</a> (<a href="Performance_test_(assessment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance test (assessment)">performance assessment</a>); <a href="Tucker_decomposition" title="Tucker decomposition">Ledyard Tucker</a> (test analysis, including inventing the "Angoff Method" of <a href="Standard-setting_study" title="Standard-setting study">standard setting</a>); <a href="Donald_Rubin" title="Donald Rubin">Donald Rubin</a> (<a href="Missing_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing values">missing data</a> and <a href="Rubin_causal_model" title="Rubin causal model">causal modeling from observational data</a>); <a href="Karl_Gustav_J%C3%B6reskog" title="Karl Gustav Jöreskog">Karl Jöreskog</a> (<a href="Structural_equation_modeling" title="Structural equation modeling">structural equation modeling</a> and <a href="Confirmatory_factor_analysis" title="Confirmatory factor analysis">confirmatory factor analysis</a>); Paul Holland (<a href="Differential_item_functioning" title="Differential item functioning">differential item functioning</a>, <a href="Test_equating" class="mw-redirect" title="Test equating">test equating</a>, causal modeling); <a href="Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a> (<a href="Differential_item_functioning" title="Differential item functioning">differential item functioning</a>, Testlet Response Theory, statistical graphics); <a href="John_Bissell_Carroll" title="John Bissell Carroll">John Carroll</a> (language testing and cognitive psychology); <a href="Michael_Lewis_(psychologist)" title="Michael Lewis (psychologist)">Michael Lewis</a> (infant cognitive, social, and emotional development); Irving Sigel (children's cognitive development);<a href="#cite_note-Sigel_memorial-12">[12]</a> <a href="Herman_Witkin" title="Herman Witkin">Herman Witkin</a> (<a href="Cognitive_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive styles">cognitive and learning styles</a>); <a href="K._Patricia_Cross" title="K. Patricia Cross">K. Patricia Cross</a> (adult education); <a href="Samuel_Ball_(educator)" title="Samuel Ball (educator)">Samuel Ball</a> (an evaluation researcher who documented the positive educational effects of <a href="Sesame_Street" title="Sesame Street">Sesame Street</a>); <a href="David_Rosenhan" title="David Rosenhan">David Rosenhan</a> (known for the <a href="Rosenhan_experiment" title="Rosenhan experiment">Rosenhan experiment</a>, which challenged the validity of psychiatric diagnosis); <a href="Jeanne_Brooks-Gunn" title="Jeanne Brooks-Gunn">Jeanne Brooks-Gunn</a> (the effects of poverty on infant, child, and adolescent development); Robert J. Mislevy (Evidence-Centered Design); and Anthony Carnevale (education and the workforce).

Members of the ETS staff have been among the presidents of the National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME); the <a href="Psychometric_Society" title="Psychometric Society">Psychometric Society</a>; the Measurement and Evaluation Division of the <a href="American_Educational_Research_Association" title="American Educational Research Association">American Educational Research Association</a> (AERA); the Evaluation, Measurement and Statistics Division of the <a href="American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA); the APA Developmental Psychology Division; and the <a href="Jean_Piaget_Society" title="Jean Piaget Society">Jean Piaget Society</a>. They have been among the executive editors of the <a href="Journal_of_Educational_Measurement" title="Journal of Educational Measurement">Journal of Educational Measurement</a>, <a href="Journal_of_Educational_and_Behavioral_Statistics" title="Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics">Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics</a>, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, and Discourse Processes. Major citations received while on staff have included elected membership to the <a href="National_Academy_of_Education" title="National Academy of Education">National Academy of Education</a> (<a href="K._Patricia_Cross" title="K. Patricia Cross">K. Patricia Cross</a>, 1975; Gregory Anrig, 1981; Paul Holland, 2005; <a href="Randy_E._Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Randy E. Bennett">Randy E. Bennett</a>, 2022; Irwin Kirsch, 2022); (the APA Distinguished Contributions to Knowledge Award (Norman Frederiksen, 1984), the APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award (Frederic Lord, 1988; Howard Wainer, 2009); the AERA E.F. Lindquist Award (William Turnbull, 1981; Frederic Lord, 1988; Samuel Messick, 1994; Paul Holland, 2000; Wendy Yen, 2008; Howard Wainer, 2015; Charles Lewis, 2018; <a href="Randy_E._Bennett" class="mw-redirect" title="Randy E. Bennett">Randy E. Bennett</a>, 2020); the NCME Career Contributions to Educational Measurement Award (Frederic Lord, 1990; Paul Holland, 2004; Howard Wainer, 2007; Neil Dorans, 2010; Linda Cook, 2017; Shelby Haberman, 2019); The Psychometric Society's Lifetime Achievement Award (Howard Wainer, 2013), and the Jean Piaget Society's Lifetime Achievement Award (Irving Sigel, 2002); among many other awards.

ETS has produced both new knowledge and methodology, especially in measurement and statistics, much of which has been taken up by assessment organizations around the world. Among the key scientific contributions were:

<ul><li>co-invention of <a href="Item_response_theory" title="Item response theory">item response theory</a>, an integrated framework for asking and answering a variety of practical problems related to the design and analysis of tests;<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lord-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lord_and_Novick-15">[15]</a></li>

<li>creation of an approach and software for <a href="Structural_equation_modeling" title="Structural equation modeling">structural equation modeling</a> and <a href="Confirmatory_factor_analysis" title="Confirmatory factor analysis">confirmatory factor analysis</a> (<a href="LISREL" title="LISREL">LISREL</a>), used throughout the social sciences to test theoretical relationships among variables;<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></li>

<li>seminal contributions to <a href="Test_validity" title="Test validity">modern validity theory</a>, including the idea that validity was a unitary concept and that the evaluation of score meaning requires consideration of the consequences of test use as those consequences may imply functional problems with the test;<a href="#cite_note-Messick-17">[17]</a></li>

<li>development of widely used approaches to data analysis when there are <a href="Missing_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Missing values">missing data</a>;<a href="#cite_note-EM-18">[18]</a></li>

<li>generation of approaches to <a href="Rubin_causal_model" title="Rubin causal model">causal modeling from observational data</a>;<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Holland-20">[20]</a></li>

<li>invention of the <a href="In_basket_test" class="mw-redirect" title="In basket test">In-Basket Test</a> (used throughout the world to assess applicants for managerial jobs in a wide variety of industries);<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li>

<li>development of methods for detecting test unfairness, including invention of the Standardization approach to <a href="Differential_item_functioning" title="Differential item functioning">Differential Item Functioning</a> (DIF) and application of the Mantel-Haenszel method;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li>

<li>creation of the <a href="Holistic_scoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Holistic scoring">holistic-scoring</a> approach to <a href="Writing_assessment" title="Writing assessment">writing assessment</a>, a means of rapidly and reliably judging the quality of essay text, which allowed direct <a href="Writing_assessment" title="Writing assessment">writing assessment</a> to become a more affordable alternative to multiple-choice questions for large-scale testing programs;<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></li>

<li>development of research-based procedures and standards for occupational licensing and certification.<a href="#cite_note-ShimbergObit-25">[25]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2></div>

ETS' international headquarters is located on a 376-acre (1.52 km2) campus outside of <a href="Princeton%2C_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a> in <a href="Lawrence_Township%2C_Mercer_County%2C_New_Jersey" title="Lawrence Township, Mercer County, New Jersey">Lawrence Township</a>, <a href="Mercer_County%2C_New_Jersey" title="Mercer County, New Jersey">Mercer County</a>;<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Randy_Elliot_Bennett_2005-28">[28]</a> processing, shipping, customer service and test security is in nearby <a href="Ewing_Township%2C_New_Jersey" title="Ewing Township, New Jersey">Ewing</a>. ETS also has a major office in <a href="San_Antonio%2C_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, TX">San Antonio, Texas</a>, which houses its K–12 Assessment Programs division, and smaller offices in <a href="Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="Washington%2C_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, <a href="Hato_Rey" title="Hato Rey">Hato Rey, Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="Sacramento%2C_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a>, and <a href="Monterey%2C_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey</a>, <a href="California" title="California">California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Overseas office locations, all of which are associated with for-profit subsidiaries that are wholly owned by ETS, include <a href="Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> (ETS Global BV headquarters), <a href="London" title="London">London</a> (ETS Global BV), Seoul (ETS Global BV), <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> (ETS Global BV), <a href="Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a> (ETS Global BV), <a href="Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> (ETS Global BV), <a href="Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> (ETS China), <a href="Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (ETS India) and <a href="Kingston%2C_Ontario" title="Kingston, Ontario">Kingston, Ontario</a> (ETS Canada). Not including its for-profit subsidiaries, ETS employs about 2,700 individuals,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> including 240 with doctorates and an additional 350 others with "higher degrees."

To help support its nonprofit educational mission, ETS, like many other nonprofits, conducts business activities that are unrelated to that mission (e.g., employment testing). Under US tax law, these activities may be conducted (within limits) by the nonprofit itself, or by for-profit subsidiaries.<a href="#cite_note-Randy_Elliot_Bennett_2005-28">[28]</a> Most of the "off-mission" work conducted by ETS is carried out by wholly owned, for-profit subsidiaries, including ETS Global BV, which contains much of the international operations of the company, ETS China, ETS India and ETS Canada.

About 25% of the work carried out by ETS is contracted by the <a href="College_Board" title="College Board">College Board</a>, a private, nonprofit membership association of universities, colleges, school districts, and secondary schools. The most popular and well-known of the College Board's tests is the <a href="SAT" title="SAT">SAT</a>, taken by more than 3 million students annually. ETS also supports The College Board's Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test (<a href="PSAT/NMSQT" title="PSAT/NMSQT">PSAT/NMSQT</a>) and administers the <a href="Advanced_Placement" title="Advanced Placement">Advanced Placement</a> program, which is widely used in US high schools for advanced course credit.

Since 1983, ETS has conducted the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), known as the "Nation's Report Card", under contract to the US <a href="National_Center_for_Education_Statistics" title="National Center for Education Statistics">National Center for Education Statistics</a>. NAEP is the only nationally representative and continuing assessment of what US students know and can do. ETS is responsible for coordination among the nine NAEP Alliance contractors, for item development, and for design, data analysis, and reporting.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

In addition to the contract work that ETS undertakes for nonprofit and government entities like the College Board, the National Center for Education Statistics, and state education departments, the organization offers its own tests. These tests include the <a href="Graduate_Record_Examinations" title="Graduate Record Examinations">Graduate Record Examinations</a> (GRE) (for graduate and professional school admissions), the <a href="Test_of_English_as_a_Foreign_Language" title="Test of English as a Foreign Language">Test of English as a Foreign Language</a> (TOEFL) (for post-secondary admissions), the <a href="Test_of_English_for_International_Communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Test of English for International Communication">Test of English for International Communication</a> (TOEIC) (for use by business and industry), and the Praxis Series (for teacher licensure and certification).<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

In <a href="England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="ETS_Europe" title="ETS Europe">ETS Europe</a>, a unit of the ETS Global for-profit subsidiary, was contracted to mark and process the <a href="National_Curriculum_assessment" title="National Curriculum assessment">National Curriculum assessments</a> on behalf of the government. ETS Global took over this role in 2008 from <a href="Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a>, a subsidiary of <a href="Pearson_PLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson PLC">Pearson</a>, which had encountered significant and repeated problems in carrying out the marking and processing contract.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> As was the case for Edexcel, The first year of ETS Global's operation was struck by a number of problems, including the late arrival of scripts to examiners, a database of student entries being unavailable,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and countrywide reports of problems with the marking of the papers. The opposition <a href="Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> (Tory) criticized the awarding of the contracts to ETS, and produced a dossier listing previous problems with ETS's service.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The ETS contract with the <a href="Qualifications_and_Curriculum_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualifications and Curriculum Authority">QCA</a> was terminated in August 2008, with an agreement to pay back £19.5m and cancel invoices worth £4.6m.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Subsequently, the contract for National Curriculum assessment marking and processing was again awarded to Edexcel. Like the two prior contracts, the Edexcel contract has encountered significant quality problems<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and the tests themselves, the focus of longstanding controversy in the English education community and among the public, have been subjected to a massive boycott by schools.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>

In 2009, ETS released the My Credentials Vault Service with Interfolio, Inc to "simplify the entire letter of recommendation process".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

ETS has been criticized for being a "highly competitive business operation that is as much multinational monopoly as nonprofit institution".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Due to its legal status as a non-profit organization, ETS is exempt from paying federal corporate income tax on many, but not all, of its operations.<a href="#cite_note-Brill-42">[42]</a> It annually reports detailed financial information to the <a href="IRS" class="mw-redirect" title="IRS">IRS</a> on <a href="Form_990" title="Form 990">Form 990</a>, which is publicly available.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

In response to growing criticism of its monopolistic power, New York state passed the Educational Testing Act, a disclosure law which required ETS to make available certain test questions and graded answer sheets to students.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

Problems administering England's national tests in 2008 by ETS Europe were the subject of thousands of complaints recorded by the <a href="Times_Educational_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Educational Supplement">Times Educational Supplement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Their operations were also described as a "shambles" in the <a href="Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK Parliament</a>, where a financial penalty was called for.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Complaints included papers not being marked properly, or not being marked at all<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> and papers being sent to the wrong schools or lost completely.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> It has even been suggested that the quality of service is so poor that the <a href="Department_for_Children%2C_Schools_and_Families" title="Department for Children, Schools and Families">Department for Children, Schools and Families</a> (formerly the <a href="Department_for_Education_and_Skills_(United_Kingdom)" title="Department for Education and Skills (United Kingdom)">Department for Education and Skills</a>) might not be able to publish the 2008 league tables of school performance.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> However, the contract was ended by "mutual consent".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The UK government asked Lord Sutherland to conduct an inquiry into the failure of the 2008 tests. The report included in its main findings:

• primary responsibility for this summer's delivery failure rests with ETS Global BV, which won the public contract to deliver the tests;

• ETS's capacity to deliver the contract proved to be insufficient. A lack of comprehensive planning and testing by ETS of its systems and processes was a key factor in the delivery failure;

In 1983, students of <a href="Garfield_High_School_(Los_Angeles_County%2C_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garfield High School (Los Angeles County, California)">James A. Garfield High School</a> in <a href="East_Los_Angeles%2C_California" title="East Los Angeles, California">East Los Angeles, California</a>, achieved unexpectedly high exam results on the ETS Advanced Placement Exam. ETS implied that the students may have cheated to obtain such results based on common mistakes across different exams. The students were required to prove their abilities and innocence by taking a second exam, which they did successfully.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>

Americans for Educational Testing Reform (AETR) claims that ETS is violating its non-profit status through excessive profits, executive compensation, and governing board member pay (which the IRS specifically advises against<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>). AETR further claims that ETS is acting unethically by selling test preparation materials, directly lobbying legislators and government officials, and refusing to acknowledge test-taker rights. It also criticises ETS for forcing GRE test-takers to participate in research experiments during the actual exam.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>

In 2014 the <a href="BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> reported that the <a href="Home_Office" title="Home Office">Home Office</a> has suspended English language tests run by ETS after a BBC investigation uncovered systematic fraud in the student visa system. Secret filming of government-approved English exams needed for a visa showed entire rooms of candidates having the tests faked for them.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tests_administered">Tests administered</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Graduate_Record_Examinations" title="Graduate Record Examinations">Graduate Record Examinations</a> (GRE)</li>

<li><a href="PSAT/NMSQT" title="PSAT/NMSQT">Preliminary SAT/National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test</a> (PSAT/NMSQT)</li>

<li><a href="College_Level_Examination_Program" title="College Level Examination Program">College Level Examination Program</a> (CLEP)</li>

<li><a href="TOEFL" class="mw-redirect" title="TOEFL">Test of English as a Foreign Language</a> (TOEFL)</li>

<li><a href="TOEIC" title="TOEIC">Test of English for International Communications</a> (TOEIC)</li>

<li>Certified English Test One (CET1)</li>

<li><a href="Test_de_fran%C3%A7ais_international" title="Test de français international">Test de français international</a> (TFI)</li>

<li><a href="California_High_School_Exit_Exam" title="California High School Exit Exam">California High School Exit Exam</a> (CAHSEE)</li>

<li><a href="California_Standardized_Testing_and_Reporting_(STAR)_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="California Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program">California Standardized Testing and Reporting (STAR) Program</a> – replaced by CAASPP (California Assessment of Student Performance and Progress) in 2015.</li>

<li>the <a href="Praxis_test" title="Praxis test">Praxis test</a> (successor to the NTE)</li>

<li>the <a href="National_Assessment_of_Educational_Progress" title="National Assessment of Educational Progress">National Assessment of Educational Progress</a> (NAEP)</li>

<li>the Examen de Admisión a Estudios de Posgrado (EXADEP)<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></li>

<li>British Trade Test Institute (BTTI)</li>

<li><a href="Major_Field_Test_for_Master_of_Business_Administration" title="Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration">Major Field Test for Master of Business Administration</a></li></ul>

<li><a href="SPEAK_(test)" title="SPEAK (test)">SPEAK (test)</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li>Bickerstaffe, George, "Students Without IT Need Not Apply", Financial Times (London), October 26, 1998, p. 17.</li>

<li>Brennan, Lisa, "ETS, Kaplan in Legal Skirmish over Test Security", New Jersey Law Journal, January 23, 1995, p. 3.</li>

<li>Celis, William, III, "Computer Admissions Test Found to Be Ripe for Abuse" New York Times, December 16, 1994.</li>

<li>Elson, John, "The Test That Everyone Fears", Time, November 12, 1990.</li>

<li>Honan, William, "Computer Admissions Test to Be Given Less Often", The New York Times, January 4, 1995.</li>

<li>Kladko, Brian, "Computer Technology Passes Judgment on Students' Essays", Record (Bergen County, N.J.), July 9, 2001.</li>

<li>Merritt, Jennifer, "Why the Folks at ETS Flunked the Course", Business Week, December 29, 2003, p. 48.</li>

<li>Nairn, Allan, The Reign of ETS: The Corporation That Makes Up Minds, New York: Ralph Nader, 1980.</li>

<li>Nissimov, Ron, "SAT Officials to Stop Flagging Disabled Students' Tests", Houston Chronicle, July 22, 2002.</li>

<li>Nowlin, Sanford, "Standardized Test Giants Lock Horns in Court over Allegedly-Stolen Secrets", San Antonio Express-News, April 8, 2001.</li>

<li>Owen, David, None of the Above: Behind the Myth of Scholastic Aptitude, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1985.</li>

<li>Sidener, Jonathan, "Educational Testing Service of Princeton, N.J., Develops New Grading System", Arizona Republic, February 1, 1999.</li>

<li>Tabor, Mary B.W., "Disabled to Get an Extra Chance for S.A.T.s", The New York Times, April 1, 1994.</li>

<li>"Testing Company Claims State's Bidding Process Is Unfair", Associated Press State & Local Wire, January 6, 2003.</li>

<li>Vickers, Marcia, "Hate Exams? Here's a Chance to Profit from Them", The New York Times, Business Section, October 5, 1997, p. 4</li>

<li>Weinstein, David, "ETS to Create Standardized English Test for Chinese Government", Associated Press State & Local Wire, July 9, 2002.</li>

<li>Williams, Dennis A., "Testers V. Cram Courses", Newsweek, August 12, 1985.</li>

<li>Winerip, Michael, "No. 2 Pencil Fades as Graduate Exam Moves to Computer", The New York Times, November 15, 1993.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ets.org/">Official website</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookdownloading.com/article/detail/ets-signs-new-college-board-contract/">ETS Signs New College Board Contract</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guidestar.org/FinDocuments/2004/210/634/2004-210634479-1-9.pdf">2004 Form 990 from the IRS</a> – lists ETS' executives' incomes</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etsglobal.org/">Educational Testing Service in Europe, Middle-East and Africa</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aetr.org">Americans for Educational Testing Reform (AETR)</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princeton,_New_Jersey460" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Princeton,_New_Jersey460" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Princeton%2C_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Princeton_Historic_District_(Princeton%2C_New_Jersey)" title="Princeton Historic District (Princeton, New Jersey)">Princeton Historic District</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Battlefield" title="Princeton Battlefield">Stony Brook Village</a></li>

<li><a href="Jugtown_Historic_District" title="Jugtown Historic District">Jugtown</a></li>

<li><a href="King's_Highway_Historic_District_(New_Jersey)" title="King's Highway Historic District (New Jersey)">King's Highway</a></li>

<li><a href="Kingston_Mill_Historic_District" title="Kingston Mill Historic District">Kingston Mill</a></li>

<li><a href="Mountain_Avenue_Historic_District" title="Mountain Avenue Historic District">Mountain Avenue</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Borough_of_Princeton%2C_New_Jersey" title="Borough of Princeton, New Jersey">Borough of Princeton</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Township%2C_New_Jersey" title="Princeton Township, New Jersey">Princeton Township</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Princeton_Public_Schools" title="Princeton Public Schools">Princeton Public Schools</a>

<ul><li><a href="Princeton_High_School_(New_Jersey)" title="Princeton High School (New Jersey)">Princeton High School</a></li>

<li><a href="Witherspoon_Street_School_for_Colored_Children" title="Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children">Witherspoon Street School for Colored Children</a> (defunct)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Charter_School" title="Princeton Charter School">Princeton Charter School</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Hun_School_of_Princeton" title="Hun School of Princeton">Hun School</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Lewis_School_of_Princeton" title="The Lewis School of Princeton">Lewis School</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Academy_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Princeton Academy of the Sacred Heart">Princeton Academy of the Sacred Heart</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Day_School" title="Princeton Day School">Princeton Day</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Friends_School" title="Princeton Friends School">Princeton Friends</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_International_School_of_Mathematics_and_Science" title="Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science">Princeton International School of Mathematics and Science</a></li>

<li><a href="Stuart_Country_Day_School" title="Stuart Country Day School">Stuart Country Day</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Colleges and universities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> (<a href="List_of_Princeton_University_people" title="List of Princeton University people">people</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Theological_Seminary" title="Princeton Theological Seminary">Princeton Theological Seminary</a></li>

<li><a href="Westminster_Choir_College" title="Westminster Choir College">Westminster Choir College</a></li>

<li><a href="Evelyn_College_for_Women" title="Evelyn College for Women">Evelyn College for Women</a> (defunct)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Institute_for_Advanced_Study" title="Institute for Advanced Study">Institute for Advanced Study</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Community_Japanese_Language_School" title="Princeton Community Japanese Language School">Princeton Community Japanese Language School</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Public_Library" title="Princeton Public Library">Princeton Public Library</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Miller_Chapel" title="Miller Chapel">Miller Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Nassau_Christian_Center" title="Nassau Christian Center">Nassau Christian Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Nassau_Presbyterian_Church" title="Nassau Presbyterian Church">Nassau Presbyterian</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_United_Methodist_Church" title="Princeton United Methodist Church">Princeton United Methodist</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_University_Chapel" title="Princeton University Chapel">Princeton University Chapel</a></li>

<li><a href="Stone_Hill_Church_of_Princeton" title="Stone Hill Church of Princeton">Stone Hill Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Stony_Brook_Meeting_House_and_Cemetery" title="Stony Brook Meeting House and Cemetery">Stony Brook Meeting House</a></li>

<li><a href="Trinity_Church%2C_Princeton" title="Trinity Church, Princeton">Trinity Episcopal</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks and recreation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Delaware_and_Raritan_Canal" title="Delaware and Raritan Canal">Delaware and Raritan Canal</a></li>

<li><a href="Herrontown_Woods_Arboretum" title="Herrontown Woods Arboretum">Herrontown Woods Arboretum</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasna_Polana" title="Jasna Polana">Jasna Polana</a></li>

<li><a href="Lake_Carnegie_(New_Jersey)" title="Lake Carnegie (New Jersey)">Lake Carnegie</a></li>

<li><a href="Marquand_Park" title="Marquand Park">Marquand Park</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Ice_Company" title="Princeton Ice Company">Mountain Lakes Preserve</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Battlefield" title="Princeton Battlefield">Princeton Battlefield</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Nassau_Street_(Princeton)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nassau Street (Princeton)">Nassau Street</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmer_Square" title="Palmer Square">Palmer Square</a></li>

<li><a href="Elements_(restaurant)" title="Elements (restaurant)">Elements</a></li>

<li><a href="Hoagie_Haven" title="Hoagie Haven">Hoagie Haven</a></li>

<li><a href="Nassau_Club" title="Nassau Club">Nassau Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Nassau_Inn" title="Nassau Inn">Nassau Inn</a></li>

<li><a href="Peacock_Inn_(Princeton%2C_New_Jersey)" title="Peacock Inn (Princeton, New Jersey)">Peacock Inn</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Record_Exchange" title="Princeton Record Exchange">Princeton Record Exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Triumph_Brewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumph Brewing">Triumph Brewing</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Shopping_Center" title="Princeton Shopping Center">Princeton Shopping Center</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiger_Transit" title="Tiger Transit">Tiger Transit</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performing arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alexander_Hall_(Princeton_University)" title="Alexander Hall (Princeton University)">Alexander Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Garden_Theatre" title="Princeton Garden Theatre">Garden Theatre</a></li>

<li><a href="McCarter_Theatre" title="McCarter Theatre">McCarter Theatre</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Princeton Symphony Orchestra">Princeton Symphony Orchestra</a></li>

<li><a href="Williamson_Voices" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamson Voices">Williamson Voices</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="I_Grew_Up_in_Princeton" title="I Grew Up in Princeton">I Grew Up in Princeton</a></li>

<li><a href="Comedy_Minus_One" title="Comedy Minus One">Comedy Minus One</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Community_Television" title="Princeton Community Television">Princeton Community Television</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Packet" title="Princeton Packet">Princeton Packet</a></li>

<li><a href="Town_Topics_(newspaper)" title="Town Topics (newspaper)">Town Topics</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albert_Einstein_House" title="Albert Einstein House">Albert Einstein House</a></li>

<li><a href="Drumthwacket" title="Drumthwacket">Drumthwacket</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Henry_House" title="Joseph Henry House">Joseph Henry House</a></li>

<li><a href="Donald_Grant_Herring_Estate" title="Donald Grant Herring Estate">Donald Grant Herring Estate</a></li>

<li><a href="President's_House_(Princeton_University)" title="President's House (Princeton University)">Maclean House</a></li>

<li><a href="Maybury_Hill" title="Maybury Hill">Maybury Hill</a></li>

<li><a href="Mercer_Oak" title="Mercer Oak">Mercer Oak</a></li>

<li><a href="Morven_(Princeton%2C_New_Jersey)" title="Morven (Princeton, New Jersey)">Morven</a></li>

<li><a href="Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Battle_Monument" title="Princeton Battle Monument">Princeton Battle Monument</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Cemetery" title="Princeton Cemetery">Princeton Cemetery</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_(NJT_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton (NJT station)">Princeton Railroad Station</a></li>

<li><a href="Prospect_House_(Princeton%2C_New_Jersey)" title="Prospect House (Princeton, New Jersey)">Prospect House</a></li>

<li><a href="Tusculum_(Princeton%2C_New_Jersey)" title="Tusculum (Princeton, New Jersey)">Tusculum</a></li>

<li><a href="University_Cottage_Club" title="University Cottage Club">Cottage Club</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Oak" title="Washington Oak">Washington Oak</a></li>

<li><a href="Westland_Mansion" title="Westland Mansion">Westland Mansion</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Princeton addressed landmarks outside the municipality</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="American_Boychoir_School" title="American Boychoir School">American Boychoir School</a> (defunct)</li>

<li><a href="Chapin_School_(New_Jersey)" title="Chapin School (New Jersey)">Chapin School</a></li>

<li><a href="Forrestal_Village" title="Forrestal Village">Forrestal Village</a></li>

<li><a href="MarketFair_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="MarketFair Mall">MarketFair Mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Airport_(New_Jersey)" title="Princeton Airport (New Jersey)">Princeton Airport</a></li>

<li><a href="Penn_Medicine_Princeton_Medical_Center" title="Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center">Penn Medicine Princeton Medical Center</a> (formerly located on Witherspoon Street, now in neighboring <a href="Plainsboro_Township%2C_New_Jersey" title="Plainsboro Township, New Jersey">Plainsboro</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Princeton_Plasma_Physics_Laboratory" title="Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory">Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Saint_Joseph's_Seminary_(Plainsboro%2C_New_Jersey)" title="Saint Joseph's Seminary (Plainsboro, New Jersey)">St. Joseph's Seminary</a> (in Plainsboro; defunct)</li>

<li><a href="Sarnoff_Corporation" title="Sarnoff Corporation">Sarnoff Corporation</a></li>

<li><a href="Terhune_Orchards" title="Terhune Orchards">Terhune Orchards</a></li>

<li><a href="Washington_Road_Elm_All%C3%A9e" title="Washington Road Elm Allée">Washington Road Elm Allée</a></li>

<li><a href="Wilberforce_School" title="Wilberforce School">Wilberforce School</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also: Princeton University and National Register of Historic Places listings in Mercer County, New Jersey</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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